The Indian Head Cent, minted from 1859 to 1909, was a one-cent piece ($0.01) featuring a design that sparked debate but has become a popular collectible. Here's a detailed breakdown:

Design and Controversy:

• Obverse (Heads): Depicts a head wearing a Native American headdress, though it was never officially designated as a specific tribe. This design choice was intended to represent Liberty and evoke a sense of American identity tied to the nation's frontier spirit.
• Controversy: The use of a Native American headdress sparked debate, with some arguing it was an inaccurate representation and others questioning the appropriateness of using a cultural symbol on coinage.

Design Evolution (1859-1864):

• The initial design (1859) featured a wreath made of laurel leaves with six leaves per bunch on the reverse.
• In 1860, the wreath design was modified to feature eight leaves per bunch.
• Due to rising copper prices during the Civil War, the composition of the coin switched from a copper-nickel alloy (1859-1864) to a cheaper bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc) starting in 1864.

Specifications:

• Diameter: 19 mm (approximately 0.75 inches)
• Weight: 3.1 grams (approximately 0.11 ounces) (for copper-nickel issues); 2.5 grams (approximately 0.09 ounces) (for bronze issues)
• Designer: James Barton Longacre, Chief Engraver at the U.S. Mint
• Mints: Philadelphia (no mintmark), Denver (mintmark "D"), San Francisco (mintmark "S")

Collecting Indian Head Cents:

• Condition: As always, condition is a major factor in value. Higher grades (MS63 and above) from reputable grading services like PCGS or NGC command a premium.
• Mintmark: Early issues from the Philadelphia mint (no mintmark) or scarcer issues from the Denver or San Francisco mints can be more valuable.
• Date Rarity: Certain dates, like the 1877 with a doubled die reverse error, are particularly sought-after by collectors.
• Composition: Copper-nickel varieties (pre-1864) can be more valuable than the more common bronze issues.

Where to Find Indian Head Cents:

• You can find Indian Head Cents at coin shops, online marketplaces like eBay, or through auctions.
• When considering a purchase, ensure the coin is authentic and has been graded by a reputable service if it's in potentially higher condition.

The Indian Head Cent, despite the initial controversy, remains a significant piece of American coinage history. Its unique design and historical context continue to capture the interest of collectors and serve as a reminder of debates surrounding cultural representation.